Rumble in the Jungle

On October 30, 1974, boxing champions George Foreman and Muhammad Ali faced off in Kinshasa, Zaire in â€Å"the Rumble in the Jungle†, an epic match widely recognized as one of the most important sporting events in recent history. The venue, the politics of the two fighters, and the efforts of its promoter, Don King, made this heavy-weight championship into a fight over competing ideas of black identity and power. It was a multi-million dollar anti-colonial, anti-white dominance exhibition, and one of the grandest spectacles of Mobutu Sese Seko’s long reign in the Congo. The Pan-Africanist versus the All American The â€Å"Rumble in the Jungle† came about because Muhammad Ali, the former heavy-weight champion, wanted his title back. Ali opposed the American Vietnam War, which he saw as another manifestation of white oppression of other races. In 1967, he refused to serve in the US Army and was found guilty of draft evasion. In addition to being fined and jailed, he was stripped of his title and banned from boxing for three years. His stance, though, earned him the support of anti-colonialists world-wide, including in Africa. During Ali’s ban from boxing, a new champion emerged, George Foreman, who proudly waved the American flag at the Olympics. This was a time when many other African-American athletes were raising the black power salute, and white Americans saw Foreman as an example of powerful, but unthreatening black masculinity. Foreman supported America, because he himself had been lifted out of grinding poverty by governmental programs. But for many people of African descent, he was the white man’s black man. Black Power and Culture From the start the match was about Black Power in more ways than one. It was organized by Don King, an African-American sports promoter in an era when only white men managed and profited from sporting events. This match was the first of King’s spectacle prize fights, and he promised an unheard of $10-million-dollar prize purse.   King needed a wealthy host, and he found it in Mobutu Sese Seko, then leader of Zaire (now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo). In addition to hosting the match, Mobutu brought in some of the most renowned black musicians in the world at that time to perform in a massive three-day party to coincide with the fight. But when George Foreman was injured in training, the match had to be postponed. All those musicians could not postpone their performances, though, so the concerts ended up being held five weeks before the fight itself, to the disappointment of many. Still the match and its fanfare were a clear statement about the value and beauty of black culture and identity. Why Zaire? According to Lewis Erenberg, Mobutu spent   $15 million dollars on the stadium alone. He got assistance, reportedly from Liberia, for the music concerts, but the total sum spent on the match is equal to at least $120 million dollars in 2014, and probably far more. What was Mobutu thinking in spending so much on a boxing match? Mobutu Sese Seko was known for his spectacles with which he asserted the power and wealth of Zaire, despite the fact that by the end of his rule, most Zairians were living in deep poverty. In 1974, though, this trend was not yet as evident. He had been in power for nine years, and during that time Zaire had witnessed economic growth. The country, after initial struggles, appeared to on the rise, and the Rumble in the Jungle was a party for Zairians as well as a massive marketing scheme to promote Zaire as a modern, exciting place to be. Celebrities like Barbara Streisand attended the match, and it brought the country international attention. The new stadium gleamed, and the match drew favorable attention. Colonial and Anti-Colonial Politics At the same time, the very title, coined by King, â€Å"the Rumble in the Jungle† reinforced images of Darkest Africa. Many Western viewers also saw the large images of Mobutu displayed at the match as signs of the cult of power and sycophantism they expected of African leadership. When Ali won the match in the 8th round, though, it was a victory for all those who had seen this as a match of white versus black, of establishment versus an anti-colonial new order. Zairians and many other former colonial subjects celebrated Ali’s victory and his vindication as the heavy weight champion of the world. Sources: Erenberg, Lewis A. â€Å"Rumble in the Jungle†: Muhammad Ali vs. George Foreman in the Age of Global Spectacle.Journal of Sport History  39, no. 1 (2012): 81-97. https://muse.jhu.edu/  Journal of Sport History 39.1 (Spring 2012) Van Reybrouck, David. Congo: The Epic History of a People. Translated by Sam Garrett. Harper Collins, 2010.   Ã‚   Williamson, Samuel. Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to present, MeasuringWorth,  2015.

A Personal Experience One Of The Rec Rooms - 1195 Words

Later on in the week, Shannon had called for a team meeting in one of the rec rooms throughout the base. The particular room had become one their team frequented. It’s proximity to both their dorms and the training facilities was ideal, allowing them to be readily punctual whenever a meeting scheduled. Overall, the space was fairly plain. It’s walls had been painted an ugly shade of beige and the dropped ceiling made the area feel even more claustrophobic. Crunchy, old carpet covered the concrete flooring below. One time Maggie had dared Rodney to walk around the room barefoot. The hulk hadn’t turned her down and the resulting cringe on his face as he did so was worth it. Needless to say, no one had entertained the thought since. A plastic†¦show more content†¦Maggie won by sheer luck as Rodney had scratched on the 8 Ball. Raking up the balls confidently, she’d no clue of Shannon’s skill only that she’d bested her teammates more time s than not. However, she’d let their captain break out of courtesy and she never got a turn. The man swiftly sunk every stripe in concession, leaving the other three members of his team slackjawed. The spectacle had been the first glimmer of Shannon’s capabilities and they dared not challenge him unless they were feeling lucky. Unsurprisingly, Maggie and Rodney had taken to the pool table as soon as they’d met up. Amanda, meanwhile, thumbed through another old gossip magazine. Maggie wasn’t sure why the healer was so interested in such outdated information. But she didn’t voice her thoughts. Sometimes it was best not question someone else’s personal choices. Presently, she was too focused on making her comeback to put any effort into other concerns. She’d fallen behind after scratching earlier in the game allowing Rodney to take the lead. However, Rodney also made a few mistakes which Maggie was keen to capitalize on. Each participant took their time, they were in no rush as they waited on their captain to make his appearance. When Shannon did arrive, everyone stopped what they were doing. Something about him had changed since the previous day. Maggie figured his meeting with Dupont and Fisher hadn’t gone the way he’d planned. Without a word, he laid several authorization papers onto the greenShow MoreRelatedJob As A Trail Supervisor s Assistant1578 Words   |  7 PagesResumes; Picture yourself as an employer, you have a huge stack of resumes on your desk and you’re trying to fill one position. You find most of the resumes you’ve read so far are full of information that have nothing to do with the position you’ve advertised to be filled. Is it really best to put down every little bit of experience that you’ve had in your life on a resume? How long would that resume be? 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Lydia has a pattern of lying and pretending, in order to satisfy her father’s desire for her to be more social. She pretends to talk on the phone with one of her friends, when there is actually no one on the other side of the line. She murmurs, â€Å"â€Å"mm-hm—she did?† until her fatherRead MoreRetreat Business Plan1684 Words   |  7 Pagescabins, a main eating and activities area, and a stable. The retreat is 15 miles out of Lloydminster. I will need one full time server which is also a housekeeper. I will also need a full time maintenance worker and a full time receptionist. The server’s job description is to ensure that all guests are greeted in a timely, friendly, and professional manner when they walk into the rec room. The server would say â€Å"Hi! How are you today? 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We are judging these people by the way they dress, walk, talk, or act. We are not doing it because we are awful people though, it is natural, but not to the extent of making these people criminals. This can also be considered stereotyping. Law enforcement agenciesRead MoreEssay On Ohio State University1751 Words   |  8 Pagesthe university, one of these many criteria are Test scores and Grade Point Average. The average test scores are 15 ACT/720-760 SAT (taken prior to March 2016) or 810-850 SAT (taken March 2016 or after) and a minimum 2.5 GPA. 16 ACT/770-810 SAT (taken prior to March 2016) or 860-890 SAT (taken March 2016 or after) and above with a minimum 2.0 GPA (â€Å"Undergraduate Admission†). This is important because many different colleges have criteria for admissions and GPA and test scores being one, this is important

New Identity Free Essays

string(42) " was able to witness something like that\." I managed to talk to a friend who happens to know a Filipino, Amang Dado (Father Dado), a 75-year old farmer from the Quezon Province in the Philippines. He came from a family whose life has moved around in planting root crops sold at the local public market for three generations. He had his only son, Eleazar, who was able to study at the University of the Philippines in Manila. We will write a custom essay sample on New Identity or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Filipinos highly value education for they believe that it is the only way out of massive poverty especially in the rural areas which happened to include Amang Dado’s family. Eleazar was an intelligent college student and was also active in the school paper of the university. All that changed when Eleazar went missing after he was taken by the military after being mistaken for a communist rebel. It was the Martial Law Era under then President Marcos and he was never to be found again. This struck Amang Dado as his only son went missing up to this date. Since he was poor and would have to travel miles to get to the capital, he could not follow up the loss of his son if he really was dead or alive. Eleazer became part of the local term, â€Å"desaparasidos† or the missing. This changed his view on justice in a society he believed that vowed to help and protect citizens like him. His view on life suddenly changed as his only hope in getting out of their less-fortunate situation was stolen away from him and therefore depriving him of the opportunity of having a son. Next was the grandmother of another friend in California who also happened to be a Filipina who lived during the Second World War. At that time, she was 19 when the Japanese invaded the Philippines and declared Manila as an Open City. Not long after that, the Japanese held everyone hostages. Filipino and American soldiers prisoners-of-war after the Fall of Bataan. She told me that she was at the path of the infamous Death March of prisoners-of-war from Bataan to Tarlac, more than 150 miles apart. Not enough food was available, the currency was of no value, and worse, the Japanese soldiers kidnapped local women and brought them to the garrisons and held them as sex slaves, locally termed as comfort women. Lola Ida was one of them. I can feel the tears coming down from her eyes even from the phone as she recalls that fateful event in her life. She and the other comfort women were fed horrendously and were battered and were used up for sex by the Japanese soldiers continuously at their will. She even recalled a stick put up into her by one of the soldiers. This situation really stricken her as Filipino women value their dignity and virginity very highly and she was lucky to still be alive at the time of the liberation. The war not only destroyed the local economy, but entrenched into the society disrespect for gender. The notion of justice is through fear and all that the people could do is to stay alive. She was able to marry and migrate into where she was right now in Panorama City where she tried to forget the horrendous tragedies of war. â€Å"Life is all about standing up again after every fall†, said Lola Ida. Resiliency is one particular trait that not only Filipinos have but for the rest of the Asians as well. Part II: An Entry on my Autobiography: The Place I Live In I can say that I’m living in a quiet diverse neighborhood, wherein you see people who don’t look like you, or doesn’t speak like you. They have a different skin color, unlike mine which is brown. Well, the majority of people living in my neighborhood are Filipinos, which comprises more than 80% of the population. I have seen and met white people who occupy less than 10% of the total population. I have also seen some other Asian people wandering around like Korean students studying English, and some indigenous natives. These three, along with the other   foreign races in our community comprise only less than 10% of the total population combined. Comparing it with other American states, the number of whites in my neighborhood is a little more than the normal, but still has a significant presence of other races, which are not far behind compared to other states. This diversity has clearly put an interesting twist in living in our neighborhood. Since they are different from the rest of the brown population, I can’t help but think that they are not given a fair treatment by the rest of the brown population. This may be because of their appearance, wherein they are often looked down by the other members of the society. This includes every representative member of the society, from the household members, up to the leaders of the society. They may be given special attention by these people, or worse may even be ignored (Northampton). But because of their position in the society, they try their best to treat each and every member of the society with utmost fairness and equality. In my case, I’ve experienced getting ignored by a policeman when I asked for directions. It happened to me only once, I don’t know if it is because of the fact that I’m part Korean and looked like an American, and it is noticeable in my physical appearance. But that incident was not repeated, so I guess the policeman was just being rude or was having a bad day. In other instances that I asked for something from these community leaders, they try their best to address my inquiries and needs. I haven’t had any first hand experience or haven’t witnessed any instance that these community leaders treated other people from another race or culture differently, but I have a friend who was able to witness something like that. You read "New Identity" in category "Essay examples" It was on a public office, when a clerk attended to the inquiries of a white person before a black man, even though the black man came to ask first. It is a public office, the office of the District Attorney, someone who is expected to help us in times of need. But if they act like this, they are marginalizing other people (â€Å"Demographic Profile†). The people in my neighborhood treat me normally; they don’t look down on me. I don’t know if it has to do with the color of my skin, but as far as I can remember, I was never treated indifferently by any of them. The worst experience (and hopefully the last) was being called an American-wannabe by my grade school teacher. I don’t know if it was intended to mock me because although I am Filipino, I looked like an American or just her way of addressing me, but I guess she based it on my look. She was pertaining to my physical appearance, but I have never considered it as a big deal. I have seen worse, especially to those people who have a different skin color. Well, addressing someone as white, or calling names like â€Å"whitie† can be considered as marginalizing, but what about beating someone because he’s white, or Asian, or whatever that is different from being normal? I have actually witnessed a black boy being beaten by three guys of his age, who happens to be rich brown Filipinos who are sons of a sugar plantation owner. They are calling names while punching him, until some policeman came by and chased them away. What does color have to do with his personality? Why do they have to resort to violence with small matters like a different color of skin or different accent? These are but some of my questions regarding the difference in cultural orientation which are still unanswered. When I was browsing some of my manuals and school readings, I happen to read by a phrase or Germans. It was about the previous World War II, wherein the Philippines was under the Axis powers, Japan in particular. It has an understatement saying that at that time that the Japanese are ruthless people who derive happiness from the hardships and sufferings of other people. But this is a hasty generalization. The text may be about the previous war, but it is not true that all Japanese are like that. Maybe it was pertaining to Emperor Hirohito and General Yamashita, the famous Japanese leaders who drove Filipinos, Koreans, and the Chinese to their painful deaths. But not all Japanese are like that person, they are but one of the few who has issues for themselves, not for the whole of the people from Japan. When it comes to entertainment and local media, the common people who are usually seen are brown people, addressing the needs of the brown population of our community. But they do feature other people in certain events which prove to be relevant. The most common instance that Chinese or Korean and Filipino people are featured by the media is when it comes to sporting events. They highlight various people who excel in some sports they are also featuring (â€Å"Football Unites, Racism Divides†). If a player who is from a different culture excels in that field and he advocates the media, he’ll surely end up getting presented. In relation to the people who are in leadership positions in my community, I could clearly say that they are the same as me when it comes to treating people from other races. I try not to consider their differences, and as much as possible, treat them fairly, just like any person in the community. I also encourage some of my friends to do so, just like what they do, promoting equality for all the people. The only difference I have from them is that I don’t have the power to make rules that protect these minorities from the cruelty of those who doesn’t see them equally. They can affect a larger number of people as compared to what I can do. People listen to them, as compared to a small voice such as I. They can make a difference, everything lies on their hands. They could punish those who treats the people with different cultural orientation unfairly, so that other people would not commit the same mistakes such as beating guys just because they are black, or mocking the people by calling their names pertaining to their culture. If given the chance that I can resolve inequalities in my community, I would like to resolve racism in grade school levels. It is undeniably a very alarming thought that even at the early age, there are kids that are already discriminating others. This is because they can see that there is really discrimination in the society, and it is said that in the eyes of a child, something that is awfully wrong can be perceived as a right thing to do (â€Å"Help Arrest the Racism in Your Community†). I would like to promote a fair, equal treatment to kids in these schools. Their exposure to racial discrimination is very crucial in the formation of their thoughts. These kids will grow with the thought of having hatred towards the minority, wherein they would marginalize these people and treat them as inferior to them. Childhood is the stage in a person’s life wherein we learn things, our orientations and preferences slowly developing, having a proper focus. If we could just let these kids see that racial discrimination is wrong, and then they would grow up with the belief that it is wrong, thus they won’t do it. With these in hand, we are assured of a better future for the marginalized minorities, since these kids view them as their equals. But if they are continually exposed to just injustice and unfair treatment, they would grow up thinking that they are more superior to these people. The preferences of a person are directly affected to race. The way they dress, their food preferences, they way they speak, the way they eat their food; these are all affected to or accounted to the person’s race. Looking closely, it could be a basis for judging a certain person, whether it is a constructive judgment, or destructive wherein you tend to destroy or stain the morality of a certain person. It is related to rave because these preferences are the basis of the race itself, how it is affected by each of these parts, and how important are they to race. References: â€Å"Demographic Profile†.   2005.   Greater Omaha Chamber of Commerce. June 24 2007. http://www.accessomaha.com/pdf/Omaha-MSA-Demographic-Profile-2005.pdf. â€Å"Football Unites, Racism Divides†.   2004. June 24 2007. http://www.furd.org/default.asp?intPageID=85. â€Å"Help Arrest the Racism in Your Community†.   Miami, FL, 2007. June 24 2007.http://www.aclufl.org/take_action/download_resources/racism_in_your_community.cfm. Northampton, The committee for. â€Å"A Community Tackles Racism†.   1994.   Andrea Ayvazian. June 24 2007.http://www.sojo.net/index.cfm?action=magazine.articleissue=soj9404article=940422.          How to cite New Identity, Essay examples

Project Closure and Post Implementation Review for Cycle Phase

Question: Discuss about theProject Closure and Post Implementation Review for Cycle Phase. Answer: Project Closure Towards the end of any project managers will need to prepare for the closure. Project closure is the last phase of a project life cycle (Heagney 2016 p.34). It represents a phase in which activities and functions of a project come to a stop. It is all normal for projects to come to a closure because they must begin and end this is part of its characteristic. The project closure may take place quickly, clean or a longer process depending on the reason for closure. Project closure take place if goal of the project has been met, it is not economical and mutual agreement of stakeholders. Project managers need to be ready for any project closure in case it comes early or later. The project closure becomes the first event before project stakeholders review the post implementation. Project closure activities Once the management of the project decides to close the project all process leading to it must be planned and implemented (PMI 2013 pp.56). It should be a smooth planned process that will bring significant results. Similar to other project life cycle phase it should be planned, budgeted and scheduled appropriately. The first step to a closure process is to have a termination manager who will oversee the process. There are several activities, procedures and events that take place during project closure. Project managers organize a briefing meeting with all stakeholders (Heagney 2016 p.34). The meeting is preparing all stakeholders explaining to them events that takes place during project closure. A plan in form of a checklist for closure is created by the project manager. The checklist enables project team to follow them as part of steps during closure (example of checklist is attached in appendix 1). An inventory list was created of all resources and assets that are available and use d in the project. The inventory list of assets was useful in providing a methodology in which assets was disposed of. For example others were transferred to parent projects and others were sold for residual value. The project closure is not an individual activity every stakeholder needs to be informed and participate in the entire process. During closure all project team members, investors, suppliers and customers were summoned to a brief meeting were agreements were done mutually on matters that affected them directly or indirectly. Before accounts were closed the contractors, creditors and suppliers owing the business were paid for full statements of their accounts. All debts that the business owes are collected and banked. The human resource department was engaged in coming up with suitable plan of compensating the employees. For example some of the employees who had completed their contract were given gratuity as form of compensation. The termination managers who in most cases are the project manager will ensure that documents and records are closed, filled and stored well. Those documents with critical information are stored well in locked cabinets, while others are disposed of. The closure of works should be done smoothly to avoid conflicts and breakdown of operations. For example it can be done in stages or phases to allow organization and scheduling of resources and employees involved. A budget review was done to establish variances of the planned and actual performance. The review was done by having a project audit that covered finance and asset management. Later a ceremony of project closure was done involving the project stakeholders. Potential issues arising from none closure of projects The project closure was performed to ensure a smooth end to the project seek approval of project client or sponsor. The can be two potential issues that can arise if a project is not closed completely include: The first issue is that it can bring uncertainty among stakeholders if the processes and functions of the project continue. The second issue is that management cannot be able to evaluate how they performed by carrying out a post evaluation. The first issue can be solved by having a stakeholder closure briefing meeting, while the second issue is by having a post evaluation audit to establish if the goals have been met. The project closure phase is important in project because it signifies the end of process and acceptance of the project (Heagney 2016 pp.45). Project managers need to have a clear budget and schedule for project closure. Post Implementation Review Post implementation review comes after project closure has taken place. It is an assessments carried out after completion of a project which defines time and life cycle of the project (PMI 2013, pp.45). But is normal practice to allow time for project changes before PIR is done. The assessments are done based on three elements of aims, scope and objectives. PIR should clearly indicate what went wrong or right, indicating persons who contributed to success. Not forgetting activities and functions that brought value to the project. In project management it is important for project managers to review experiences in order to learn approaches for new experiences. PIR activity can be done by project team through audit or evaluation process with final report being made. A suitable PIR should cover the following subjects: project overall performance, technical/operative performance, techniques of project management, and organization structure. A review of overall performance was carried out to make comparison of had been achieved on the basis on what was planned. The findings from PIR process did provide proper justifications of the failures and triumphs that occurred. A review of technical and administration performance were useful in explaining if certain practice or procedure were efficient or effective. The PIR did provide findings of structure and schedule reviews of the project of which some aided or impeded the project (Crawford Nahmias 2010, pp.34). The project teams review helped in describing performance of each team member towards project. The findings did provide appraisal data was used to make decisions of retaining some of the skilled and competent employees. Lastly the PIR did provide data that was used to assess the effectiveness of the project tools, techniques and methodologies employed in executing project activities. Role of PIR in projects The fundamental purpose of PIR process is to improve and provide baseline data future projects. Many projects carry out PIR in order to establish if the project is meeting the required deliverables. The data collected can be useful in providing baseline information for future projects. They will be used by project managers as part of evidence of good practices that will be adopted. It is useful information when making estimates and budgets for similar projects in future. The projects can use PIR as a post evaluation activity that management can use to provide reports to relevant stakeholders. The team can review performance to establish whether the project did meet the goals and expectations of the stakeholders. In addition it can be useful in providing learning experiences. The data from PIR can provide weaknesses, failures and successes in which can be used to correct future projects. Project managers will need to integrate PIR in their projects in order to assess performance after they have been completed. Reference lists Crawford, L., A. H. Nahmias, 2010, Competencies for Managing Change, International Journal of Project Management, 28 (4), pp.405-412. Heagney, J., 2016, the project manager leader: in fundamentals of project Management. New York: Adventure works press. PMI, 2013, A guide to project management body of knowledge . Newtown Square: PA: PMI.